Why is there a search for an exchange particle for gravity?

Question

If I understand correctly, according to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, mass results in a distortion in space-time. In turn, the motion of the mass is affected by the distortion. A result of the interplay between mass and space-time is that the 'force' of gravity may be explained away. Masses are not subject to a force, but are merely following a 4-dimensional space-time geodesic; gravity is just geometry.

And yet physicists are searching for exchange particles for the force of gravity, and are trying to unify quantum mechanics with relativity, or to unify the weak/strong/electromagnetic forces with that of gravity.

1. What have I missed? Are these different communities of physicists? Does relativity explain only part of the story of masses acting under gravity?

2. Is gravity a force or not? Is it only an apparent force or not?

3. Can such an apparent force 'generate' exchange particles? Are the exchange particle and geometric models both different views of the same underlying truth?

4. A side question might be: why can't the other forces be explained away similarly? Or is that what is happening with all this talk of small extra dimensions?

I'd appreciate any illumination on this matter, or suggested reading (preferably at the 'popular science' or undergraduate level).

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Rhubbarb

Comments

You are asking several questions. I answered only the one in the title. Maybe you can split up the question into several different ones?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Daniel Grumiller

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Perhaps it is helpful to the OP to know that modern theories of the other forces (electroweak+strong) are actually based on a sort of GR-esque model, where the curvature is not in space time but an internal degree of freedom. These theories are known as "gauge theories" and were inspired by GR itself.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user genneth

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see also physics.stackexchange.com/q/102/6432

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user joseph f. johnson

Answer 1

An addendum to the answers of Daniel Grumiller and sb1:

The major difference of the gravitational field and other fields is that according to general relativity the gravitational field defines space and time and therefore defines the relation of events. It is true that it is possible to do an "arbitrary" split of a certain linear approximation of the gravitational field into a "flat background" and "waves" propagating on this background. In principle this kind of reasoning is a violation of the very idea that the gravitational field defines the background of spacetime in a holistic way, and it was the subject of a lot of discussions if this approximation is of any use.

This is considered to be settled by the observational evidence that bistar systems loose energy in exact the way that the "graviational wave approximation" predicts, as cited by Daniel Grumiller.

The existence of gravitons is a conjecture based on the assumption that gravitational waves exhibit the same quantum nature as classical waves, e.g. waves in classical electromagnetism. At the basis of this conjecture is the idea that it should be possible to split the gravitational field in a part defining the background, and then having gravitational waves propagating on this background and exhibiting the same wave-particle duality as other waves. It would then be possible to treat quantum gravitational effects in a semi-classical approximation.

Since there is no observational evidence for this, this conjecture is still the subject of controversy.

Are these different communities of physicists?

Some have a strong believe in the existence of gravitons, some think that quantum gravity needs a bigger conceptual step than only gravitions, and some do both, so, yes, there are different communities believing different things.

Does relativity explain only part of the story of masses acting under gravity?

It explains everything in a classical setting with not too strong forces alright, but does not exlpain quantum effects or what happens when forces get so strong that singularities occur.

Is gravity a force or not? Is it only an apparent force or not?

It is a force, it is an apparent force in the sense that classical GR says that you feel it because you live in an accelerating reference frame. Both statements are valid in the classical setting and are independent of the quantum nature of gravity, and in particular of the existence of gravitons.

Can such an apparent force 'generate' exchange particles? Are the exchange particle and geometric models both different views of the same underlying truth?

Yes, see above (geometric model = classical setting, exchange particle = semi-classical approximation).

why can't the other forces be explained away similarly? Or is that what is happening with all this talk of small extra dimensions?

The gravitational field is fundemantally different from other fields (see above), and this has no connection to extra dimensions.

I'd appreciate any illumination on this matter, or suggested reading (preferably at the 'popular science' or undergraduate level).

The problem is that if you are able to ask this question, you're already beyond the popular science level. I'd really like to recommend to you an introducory class on QFT and one on GR, there you'd get the best answer to your question :-)

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Tim van Beek

Comments

@Tim You do not count the Hulse-Taylor pulsar as "observational evidence"? In my opinion this is impressive indirect evidence for gravitational wave emission. But we shall know for sure within the next 7 years...

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Daniel Grumiller

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@Daniel: Indirect evidence for gravitational wave emmision: yes. The existence of gravitational waves is not identical to the existence of gravitons, there is one additional conceputal step (gravitational waves exhibit particle wave duality in the quantum realm with the graviton being the particle). It's not one and the same concept.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Tim van Beek

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@Tim. I partially disagree. Once you allow the possibility for gravitional waves, and include quantum mechanics, the existence of gravitons follow (at least in the appropriate weak field regime). You could, perhaps argue that the gravitational field remains classical, but that can't be right. We know at the very least that matter is quantum mechanical, and thus the right hand side of the field equations --the stress energy tensor-- is promoted to an operator, implying that the left hand side must also become quantum mechanical. I don't see any way around that.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Columbia

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@Columbia : on the Stress-Energy point - could not it be written as $<T_{uv}>$ - an average. This leaves open what Quantum Gravity is.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Roy Simpson

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@Columbia, why can't it be right? after all, we know that EM fields are effective fields that approximate something more fundamental, on the other hand, gravitational fields are space-time curvature, which even under string theory is still a fundamental property that is not derived or emergent.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user lurscher

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@Roy. The question is does promoting Tuv to <T_{uv}> by the correspondance principle imply something similar happening to Guv by inspection of the Einstein field eqns? Well manifestly yes, unless you somehow break the linearity postulate of quantum mechanics. Alternatively you could imagine building up a quantum version of the Einstein tensor out of classical fields, but then no one has ever managed to do that, despite scores of attempts to make quantum mechanics emerge from something classical... So I remain skeptical, I believe that Guv must indeed also be quantized.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Columbia

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The answer is very impartial and objective, and thorough. But my little hobbyhorse got trampled on so I want to explain that according to GR, gravity isn't a force: by definition, force is what makes a particle deviate from a geodesic. Gravity doesn't do this, so it's not a force, it's inertia. When we have a coordinate system, there appear to be « pseudo-geodesics » in those coordinates, and deviations from such a pseudo-geodesic are made by pseudo-forces. When the true geodesic differs from the pseudo-geodesic, gravity is a pseudo-force. If GR is changed, this view of gravity might change.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user joseph f. johnson

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For a similar discussion of this little point, see physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=382066&page=2 , and see also physics.stackexchange.com/q/102/6432 . Yet, little as it is, it has something to say about whether one should be compelled to believe that gravitons must be there somewhere.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user joseph f. johnson

Answer 2

General relativity, currently our best model of gravity, not only predicts the gravitational force as a geometric effect, it also predicts the existence of gravitons, the "exchange particle for gravity".

A theory without gravitons or gravitational waves (I'll use them interchangably) could exist, but as we have already indirect evidence for gravitational waves from the Hulse-Taylor pulsar it seems unlikely that gravitons do not exist in Nature.

We shall see in the coming decade, since advanced LIGO is bound to find gravitational waves if they exist.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Daniel Grumiller

Comments

I think considering gravitational waves and gravitons 'interchangeable' would simply dismiss, rather than address, the question: all other forces are effective fields caused by particle exchange, but as far as we know, Equivalence principle, and hence spacetime curvature is an exact property of the universe, so what the question is trying to make us ponder is: with all these differences between gravity and the other forces, how we are going to explain an exact effect (geodesic deviation) as an effective effect caused by quantum interactions?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user lurscher

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Using gravitational waves and gravitons interchangeably is the same as using light waves and photons interchangeably. They really are the same thing, but emphasize different aspects of it (wave or particle properties). There is nothing wrong with viewing gravity as an "effective field caused by particle exchange", as long as you stay in the regime of validity of this effective field theory.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Daniel Grumiller

Answer 3

General relativity is a purely classical theory means it does not take the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics into account. Although it is a very good description of gravity in large scale it should not be a good description for very small scale since in those very small scale quantum effects can not be ignored. There are at least two instances, the big bang and black hole where GR predicts mathematical singularities. That means in those situations GR fails to be a good description of the gravitational interaction. According to quantum mechanics every classical field have a quantum analogue. The classical Field of Maxwell, called electromagnetic field, has a quantum analogue. We picture the electromagnetic interaction by messenger particles called virtual photons which has spin 1. This virtual photons are the particles of electromagnetic field. The disturbances in this field called electromagnetic waves, which according to quantum field theory are emission of real photons. There is no contradiction here. This is a basic feature of quantum theory. We call it wave particle duality. Similarly for gravitation the quantum analogue of the relevant classical field can be thought of as consisting of virtual gravitons of spin 2. Gravitational interactions are mediated by these virtual gravitons. When a real gravitons are emitted we call it gravitational waves. Gravitons are messenger particles of gravity. Again there is no contradiction here.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user user1355

Answer 4

Firstly I would like to question whether anyone is really experimentally searching for a graviton. The effect would be too weak to detect with current technology. There is the closely related concept of "gravitational wave" which is a "curvature wave" in General Relativity and that is being searched for.

There are probably two main reasons for expecting the graviton idea to have some merit.

1. The Gravitational Wave is a classical wave, and all other classical waves (like with Electromagnetism) have found a particle form in Quantum Theory and Quantum Field Theory. The familiar concept here is "wave particle duality". So the expectation is that under a theory of "Quantum Gravity" there would be a graviton. This point does not in itself prejudice the fundamental form of that Quantum Gravity theory: it might still be geometric in its foundations.

2. The equations which describe quantum particles and fields when expressed in a notation called "2-spinor form" have a basic pattern and form. So an electron is described via Dirac equations as $\phi_A$. This relates to spin 1/2 which is all correct for the electron. Spin 1 particles/fields (e.g. the Photon) are described by $\phi_{AB}$ in this form of Maxwell's equations. And so the pattern continues with N labels A,B, ..., K describing a spin N/2 particle. Well Einstein's General Relativity equations when written in this spinor form have $\phi_{ABCD}$. So this suggests a spin 2 - even without any linearisation or quantisation, etc.

The big difference between Einstein's equations and these others of lower spin is that the Einstein equations are non-linear (representing space-time curvature) whereas these other equations are linear (essentially representing a linear underlying space). So one photon plus one photon equals two photons, but one graviton plus one graviton would not quite equal two gravitons.

The arena in which the debate continues is that of Quantum Gravity in which different camps take different views as to the nature of any underlying space. These debates are reflected in some of the other Stack questions.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-10 16:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Roy Simpson