SECTION A : What remains invariant for a complex $\:3\times 3\:$ tensor depends upon its transformation law under $\:U \in SU(3)\:$
CASE 1 : $\:\boldsymbol{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\boldsymbol{3}=\boldsymbol{6}\boldsymbol{\oplus}\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$
The transformation law for the complex $\:3\times 3\:$ tensor $\:\mathrm{X}\:$ in this case is
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X }^{\prime}=U\mathrm{X}U^{\mathsf{T}}\quad
\tag{A-01}
\end{equation}
Here the symmetry (+) or antisymmetry (-) is invariant since
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}=\pm\:\mathrm{X} \Longrightarrow
{(\mathrm{X }^{\prime})}^{\mathsf{T}}=(U\mathrm{X}U^{\mathsf{T}})^{\mathsf{T}}=
{(U^{\mathsf{T}})}^{\mathsf{T}}\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}U^{\mathsf{T}}=U(\pm\:\mathrm{X})U^{\mathsf{T}}=\pm\:\mathrm{X }^{\prime}
\tag{A-02}
\end{equation}
In this case it makes sense to split the tensor in its symmetrical and anti-symmetrical parts
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{\Psi}=\dfrac{1}{2} \left(\mathrm{X}+\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}\right)\:, \quad\mathrm{\Omega}=\dfrac{1}{2} \left(\mathrm{X}-\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}\right)
\tag{A-03}
\end{equation}
The symmetrical part $\:\mathrm{\Psi}\:$ depends on 6 parameters, so is identical to a complex $\:6$-vector $\:\boldsymbol{\psi}\:$ which belongs to a complex 6-dimensional invariant subspace and is transformed under a special unitary transformation $\:W \in SU(6)\:$
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\psi}^{\prime}=W\boldsymbol{\psi}\:, \quad W \in SU(6)
\tag{A-04}
\end{equation}
while, on the other hand, the anti-symmetrical part $\:\mathrm{\Omega}\:$ depends on 3 parameters, so is identical to a complex $\:3$-vector $\:\boldsymbol{\omega}\:$ which belongs to a complex 3-dimensional invariant subspace and is transformed under the special unitary transformation $\:\overline{U} \in SU(3)\:$
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\omega}^{\prime}=\overline{U}\boldsymbol{\omega}\:, \quad \overline{U} \in SU(3)
\tag{A-05}
\end{equation}
That's why the symmetrical and anti-symmetrical parts give rise to the terms $\:\boldsymbol{6}\:$ and $\:\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ in the right hand of equation $\:\boldsymbol{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\boldsymbol{3}=\boldsymbol{6}\boldsymbol{\oplus}\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}\:$ respectively.
CASE 2 : $\:\boldsymbol{3}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}=\boldsymbol{8}\boldsymbol{\oplus}\boldsymbol{1}\:$
The transformation law for the complex $\:3\times 3\:$ tensor $\:\mathrm{X}\:$ in this case is
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X }^{\prime}=U\mathrm{X}U^{\boldsymbol{*}}=U\mathrm{X}U^{-1}
\tag{A-06}
\end{equation}
For those interested, this is proved in SECTION B, motivated by the adventure of explaining the structure of mesons under the quark theory.
Here the symmetry (+) or antisymmetry (-) is NOT invariant
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}=\pm\:\mathrm{X} \Longrightarrow
{(\mathrm{X }^{\prime})}^{\mathsf{T}}=(U\mathrm{X}U^{\boldsymbol{*}})^{\mathsf{T}}=
{(U^{\boldsymbol{*}})}^{\mathsf{T}}\mathrm{X}^{\mathsf{T}}U^{\mathsf{T}}=\overline{U}(\pm\:\mathrm{X})U^{\mathsf{T}} \ne\pm\:\mathrm{X }^{\prime}
\tag{A-07}
\end{equation}
So it makes NO SENSE to split the tensor in its symmetrical and anti-symmetrical parts.
To the contrary :
(1) if $\:\mathrm{X}\:$ is a constant tensor, that is a scalar multiple of the identity, $\:\mathrm{X}=z\mathrm{I}\:$ ($\:z \in \mathbb{C}\:$) , then is invariant $\:\mathrm{X }^{\prime}= U\mathrm{X}U^{-1}=U\left(z\mathrm{I}\right)U^{-1}=z\mathrm{I}=\mathrm{X}\:$
or
(2) since the transformation (A-06) is a similarity transformation, it preserves the Trace (=sum of the elements on the main diagonal) of $\:\mathrm{X}\:$, that is $\:Tr \left(\mathrm{X}^{\prime}\right)=Tr\left(\mathrm{X}\right)\:$. So a traceless tensor remains traceless.
It would sound not very well, but in this case the invariants are the "tracelessness" and the "scalarness".
In this case it makes sense to split the tensor in a traceless and in a scalar part :
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{\Phi}=\mathrm{X}-\left[\dfrac{1}{3}Tr\left(\mathrm{X}\right)\right]\cdot\mathrm{I}\:, \quad \mathrm{\Upsilon}=\left[\dfrac{1}{3}Tr\left(\mathrm{X}\right)\right]\cdot\mathrm{I}
\tag{A-08}
\end{equation}
The traceless part $\:\mathrm{\Phi}\:$ depends on 8 (=3x3-1) parameters, so is identical to a complex $\:8$-vector $\:\boldsymbol{\phi}\:$ which belongs to a complex 8-dimensional invariant subspace NOT FURTHER REDUCED TO INVARIANTS SUBSPACES and is transformed under a special unitary transformation $\:V \in SU(8)\:$
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\phi}^{\prime}=V\boldsymbol{\phi}\:, \quad V \in SU(8)
\tag{A-09}
\end{equation}
while, on the other hand, the scalar part $\:\mathrm{\Upsilon}\:$ depends on 1 parameter, so is identical to a complex $\:1$-vector $\:\boldsymbol{\upsilon}\:$ which belongs to a complex 1-dimensional invariant subspace (identical to the set of complex numbers $\:\mathbb{C}\:$) and is transformed under the special unitary transformation $\:\mathrm{I} \in SU(1)\:$
(identical to the identity)
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\upsilon}^{\prime}=\mathrm{I}\boldsymbol{\upsilon}=\boldsymbol{\upsilon}
\tag{A-10}
\end{equation}
Note that $\:SU(1)\equiv \{\:\mathrm{I}\:\}\:$, that is the group $\:SU(1)\:$ has only one element, the identity $\:\mathrm{I}\:$, while $\:U(1)\equiv\{\:U\::\:U=e^{i\theta}\mathrm{I}\:, \quad \theta \in \mathbb{R} \}\:$, that is mathematically identical to the unit circle in $\:\mathbb{C}\:$.
================================================================================
SECTION B : Mesons from three quarks
Suppose we know the existence of three quarks only : $\boldsymbol{u}$, $\boldsymbol{d}$ and $\boldsymbol{s}$. Under full symmetry (the same mass) these are the basic states, let
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{u}=
\begin{bmatrix}
1\\
0\\
0
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\boldsymbol{d}=
\begin{bmatrix}
0\\
1\\
0
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\boldsymbol{s}=
\begin{bmatrix}
0\\
0\\
1
\end{bmatrix}
\tag{B-01}
\end{equation}
of a 3-dimensional complex Hilbert space of quarks, say $\mathbf{Q}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{3}}$. A quark $\boldsymbol{\xi} \in \mathbf{Q}$ is expressed in terms of these basic states as
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\xi}=\xi_1\boldsymbol{u}+\xi_2\boldsymbol{d}+\xi_3\boldsymbol{s}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\\
\xi_2\\
\xi_3
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad \xi_1,\xi_2,\xi_3 \in \mathbb{C}
\tag{B-02}
\end{equation}
For a quark $\boldsymbol{\eta} \in \mathbf{Q}$
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\eta}=\eta_1\boldsymbol{u}+\eta_2\boldsymbol{d}+\eta_3\boldsymbol{s}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\eta_1\\
\eta_2\\
\eta_3
\end{bmatrix}
\tag{B-03}
\end{equation}
the respective antiquark $\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}$ is expressed by the complex conjugates of the coordinates
\begin{equation}
\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}=\overline{\eta}_1 \overline{\boldsymbol{u}}+\overline{\eta}_2\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}+\overline{\eta}_3\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\overline{\eta}_1\\
\overline{\eta}_2\\
\overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}
\tag{B-04}
\end{equation}
with respect to the basic states
\begin{equation}
\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}=
\begin{bmatrix}
1\\
0\\
0
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}=
\begin{bmatrix}
0\\
1\\
0
\end{bmatrix}
\qquad
\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}=
\begin{bmatrix}
0\\
0\\
1
\end{bmatrix}
\tag{B-05}
\end{equation}
the antiquarks of $\boldsymbol{u},\boldsymbol{d}$ and $\boldsymbol{s}$ respectively. The antiquarks belong to a different space, the space of antiquarks $\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{3}}$.
Since a meson is a quark-antiquark pair, we'll try to find the product space
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{M}=\mathbf{Q}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\: \left(\equiv \mathbb{C}^{\boldsymbol{9}}\right)
\tag{B-06}
\end{equation}
Using the expressions (B-02) and (B-04) of the quark $\boldsymbol{\xi} \in \mathbf{Q}$ and the antiquark $\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}} \in \overline{\mathbf{Q}}$ respectively, we have for the product meson state $ \mathrm{X} \in \mathbf{M}$
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\mathrm{X}=\boldsymbol{\xi}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}=&\xi_1\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_1\overline{\eta}_2 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_1\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)+ \\
&\xi_2\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{d}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_2\overline{\eta}_2 \left( \boldsymbol{d}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_2\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{d}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)+\\
&\xi_3\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_3\overline{\eta}_2 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_3\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)
\end{split}
\tag{B-07}
\end{equation}
In order to simplify the expressions, the product symbol $"\boldsymbol{\otimes}"$ is omitted and so
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\mathrm{X}=\boldsymbol{\xi}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}=&\xi_1\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_1\overline{\eta}_2 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_1\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{u}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)+ \\
&\xi_2\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{d}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_2\overline{\eta}_2 \left( \boldsymbol{d}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_2\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{d}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)+\\
&\xi_3\overline{\eta}_1 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\overline{\boldsymbol{u}}\right)+\xi_3\overline{\eta}_2 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\overline{\boldsymbol{d}}\right)+\xi_3\overline{\eta}_3 \left(\boldsymbol{s}\overline{\boldsymbol{s}}\right)
\end{split}
\tag{B-08}
\end{equation}
Due to the fact that $\mathbf{Q}$ and $\overline{\mathbf{Q}}$ are of the same dimension, it's convenient to represent the meson states in the product 9-dimensional complex space $\:\mathbf{M}=\mathbf{Q}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\:$ by square $3 \times 3$ matrices instead of row or column vectors
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X}=\boldsymbol{\xi}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\overline{\eta}_1 & \xi_1\overline{\eta}_2 & \xi_1\overline{\eta}_3\\
\xi_2\overline{\eta}_1 & \xi_2\overline{\eta}_2 & \xi_2\overline{\eta}_3\\
\xi_3\overline{\eta}_1 & \xi_3\overline{\eta}_2 & \xi_s\overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\\
\xi_2\\
\xi_3
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\overline{\eta}_1 \\
\overline{\eta}_2 \\
\overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}^{\mathsf{T}}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\\
\xi_2\\
\xi_3
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\overline{\eta}_1 & \overline{\eta}_2 & \overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}
\tag{B-09}
\end{equation}
Now, under a unitary transformation $\;U \in SU(3)\;$ in the 3-dimensional space of quarks $\;\mathbf{Q}\;$, we have
\begin{equation}
\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime}= U\boldsymbol{\xi}
\tag{B-10}
\end{equation}
so in the space of antiquarks $\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\;$, since $\;\boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime}=U\boldsymbol{\eta}\;$
\begin{equation}
\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime}}= \overline{U}\;\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}
\tag{B-11}
\end{equation}
and for the meson state
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{X}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{\xi}^{\prime}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}^{\prime}}=\left(U\boldsymbol{\xi}\right)\left(\overline{U}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\right)
=
\Biggl(U\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\\
\xi_2\\
\xi_3
\end{bmatrix}\Biggr)
\Biggl(\overline{U}\begin{bmatrix}
\overline{\eta}_1\\
\overline{\eta}_2\\
\overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}\Biggr)^{\mathsf{T}}
\\=
U\Biggl(\begin{bmatrix}
\xi_1\\
\xi_2\\
\xi_3
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\overline{\eta}_1 & \overline{\eta}_2 & \overline{\eta}_3
\end{bmatrix}\Biggr)\overline{U}^{\mathsf{T}}
=
U\left(\boldsymbol{\xi}\boldsymbol{\otimes}\overline{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\right)U^{*}=U\;\mathrm{X}\;U^{*}
\tag{B-12}
\end{equation}
$===================\text{end of answer}=======================$
This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2015-06-05 21:02 (UTC), posted by SE-user diracpaul
Q&A (4870)
