What are the next generation physics experiments?

Question

The LHC and LIGO are two recent examples of hugely ambitious experiments in fundamental physics, both of which took decades to develop.

What are the next major experiments currently being planned and developed? What will they measure? What impact are they expected to have? And when are they expected to go live?

One example:

• eLISA due 2034

  Developed by the ESA, eLISA will be the first dedicated space-based gravitational wave detector. Consisting of three probes spanning millions of kilometres, it will provide a hugely more accurate window to gravitational waves.

  Possible signal sources: the usual GW stuff, the early phase of the big bang, and even speculative objects like cosmic strings.

I suggest, at some point, we collate all of the answers into a single community post.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user lemon

Comments

ITER is admittedly more about technology than fundamental physics, but it is one of the largest single-purpose physics-focused research project ever in terms of dollars, participating organizations, timeframe or impact on human life.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user james turner

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@jamesturner: The main impact fusion has made on human life is per solar radiation and, if you absolutely have to count this, thermonuclear weapons. Fusion reactors are a very questionable investment for a number of reasons that deserve their own question (we had that discussion). If I can have a bet, I will put a good case of wine on ITER style reactors having essentially zero impact for another century, at the very least.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user CuriousOne

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maybe someone could write something about the diphoton, which is supposedly close to a $5\sigma$ significance.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user AccidentalFourierTransform

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I'm not sure if ITER and DEMO (enormous projects, $20b+) are fundamental science - or "just engineering!"

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Joe Blow

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I don't have the reputation so I can only comment this. My suggestion is the research on quantum computing which is doubtless ongoing in top secret government labs in the USA, China and elsewhere. If sufficient quantum bits can be entangled and manipulated, any large number with only two prime factors can be factorized "ridiculously" fast and the universe will prove to be a stranger place than I'm prepared to countenance. If it is impossible to construct such a quantum computer with more than N qubits, that should hint at the way to an improved quantum theory or other new physics.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user nigel222

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@CuriousOne ITER is expected to exceed input energy by a ratio of 10:1, mostly just by scaling up existing component designs to decrease the surface to mass ratio. once that happens, it is simply a matter of calculating the maintenance costs to decide how large to build your reactor. while commercially successful fusion reactors may be 20 years away, i think 100 years is extremely pessimistic.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user james turner

Answer 1

A large portion of the 'big science under de developement' is directed towards astrophysics and cosmology. The Square Kilemetre Array (SKA) and the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) are the two flagship facilities for ground-based astronomy in the future. Both are planned to be operational in the twenties of this century.

SKA - artist impression (source: Wikipedia). With a collecting area of approximately 1 km^2 it will dwarf all other radio telescopes.

E-ELT - artist impression with VLT and Colloseum added for scale (source: Wikipedia)

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Johannes

Comments

TMT, LSST, GAIA, JWST also come to mind. And in the more distant future, something capable of measuring the HI power spectrum at really high redshift (from the far side of the Moon?).

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Kyle Oman

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In addition to the surveys in the answer and the ones mentioned above Euclid also deserves a mention. It's ESA's big cosmology satelitte mission that will launch in 5 years time. It will map out billions of astrophysical sources across the sky and this will hopefully shed some more light on the acceleration of the Universe and provide precision tests of General Relativity on large scales (among other things).

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Winther

Answer 2

The Gaia Spacecraft is another hugely anticipated physics experiment. First conceived of in the early 90's it has been operational since 2013.

The aim of this ambitious experiment is to create a 3D map of the location and velocity of up to 1% of all objects in the Milky Way. This should enable us to refine our models on galactic dynamics and allow us to investigate problems therein, i.e. pesky Dark Matter.

Other objectives listed on the wiki page include inferring the structure of spacetime through the detection of bending photon paths and identifying/classifying astronomical objects including quasars.

We saw some initial data last year and much more is expected later this year! Below is the star density map released in 2015:

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Matt

Comments

5 megabits a second for 8 hours a day for five years. Unless alien scientists exist, Gaia is the wonder of this galaxy.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Joe Blow

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Location AND velocity? That's ambitious.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user npst

Answer 3

I'm really excited about the results of Fermilab and J-PARC on the measurement of $(g-2)_\mu$, that is, the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. The current value of $g-2$ is

\begin{align} a_\mu^\mathrm{exp}&=0.001\;165\;920\;91(63)\\ a_\mu^\mathrm{SM}&=0.001\;165\;917\;64(52) \end{align} where $\mathrm{SM}$ is the full Standard Model prediction, and the uncertainty $(52)$ is mostly just hadronic. There is a $4\sigma$ deviation between theory and experiment, which leads to three possible explanations:

• The experimental result is wrong: the errors are underestimated or there are undetected systematic errors in the measurement.

• The theoretical calculation is wrong: there is a lot of research about the hadronic contribution because it is very difficult to estimate from first principles. There is a (IMHO, high) chance that the hadronic contribution is miscalculated.

• Beyond Standard Model physics: there are unknown particles that contribute to $a_\mu$ (e.g., supersymmetric particles).

There are many planed experiments to constraint the second possibility$^1$, and Fermilab and J-PARC intend to rule out the first one, so that we are certain that the third case is the right one. Therefore, after Fermilab and J-PARC we will probably have the first quantitative evidence of BSM physics!

Fermilab is supposed to be running from 2017 to 2018 and will present the results soon after. AFAIK, there is no announced date for J-PARC, but it is expected to begin in the late 2010s.

For more info, see http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00928

$$ $$ $$ $$

The Fermilab muon ring:

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$^1$ and I hope there'll soon be definitive lattice calculations that will settle the uncertainty.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user AccidentalFourierTransform

Comments

what is bym physics?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user CramerTV

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@CramerTV because the prediction of the Standard Model doesn't quite agree with the experimental value, so there must be something else that is not yet included in the SM: we need more particles! this is fun, right? :-)

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user AccidentalFourierTransform

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What does BYM stand for?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user CramerTV

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@CramerTV oh sorry, I misunderstood you. I meant BSM: beyond Standard Model, i.e., an extension to the SM. BYM was a typo...

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user AccidentalFourierTransform

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I had to re-read BSM to make sure it wasn't something else...

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Mehrdad

Answer 4

There are plans for a linear collider of electron positron, to study the new physics that is appearing at the LHC, two are in design.

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator.1 It is planned to have a collision energy of 500 GeV initially, with the possibility for a later upgrade to 1000 GeV (1 TeV). The host country for the accelerator has not yet been chosen and proposed locations are Japan, Europe (CERN) and the USA (Fermilab). Japan is considered the most likely candidate, as the Japanese government is willing to contribute half of the costs, according to the coordinator of study for detectors at the ILC . As of June 2013 Construction could begin in 2015 or 2016 and will not be completed before 2026.

Studies for an alternative project called the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) are also underway, which would operate at higher energies (up to 3 TeV) in a machine with comparable length as the ILC.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user anna v

Answer 5

European Extremely Large Telescope

The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) is an astronomical observatory and the world's largest optical/near-infrared extremely large telescope now under construction. Part of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), it is located on top of Cerro Armazones in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. The design comprises a reflecting telescope with a 39.3-metre-diameter segmented primary mirror and a 4.2-metre-diameter secondary mirror, and will be supported by adaptive optics, six laser guide star units and multiple large science instruments.[8] The observatory aims to gather 13 times more light than the largest optical telescopes existing today, be able to correct for atmospheric distortions and provide images 16 times sharper than those from the Hubble Space Telescope.[9]

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:45 (UTC), posted by SE-user Count Iblis

Comments

Too bad the Overwhelmingly Large Telescope with a 100m dish has been cancelled :(

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Michael

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the "Overwhelmingly Large Telescope" is certainly the best name in big science, I loved that :)

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Joe Blow

Answer 6

James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), is a flagship-class space observatory under construction and scheduled to launch in October 2018. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength (orange-red) visible light, through near-infrared to the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometers), and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. While Hubble has a 2.4-meter (7.9 ft) mirror, the JWST features a larger and segmented 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter primary mirror and will be located near the Earth–Sun L2 point. A large sunshield will keep its mirror and four science instruments below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F).

And when we are talking about space programs, any successor of the ISS will probably be the most expensive scientific construction project of the next decade.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Martin Schröder

Answer 7

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an international accelerator facility under construction which will use antiprotons and ions to perform research in the fields of: nuclear, hadron and particle physics, atomic and anti-matter physics, high density plasma physics, and applications in condensed matter physics, biology and the bio-medical sciences. It is situated in Darmstadt in Germany and is expected to provide beams to the experiments from 2018 onwards.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Martin Schröder

Answer 8

European x-ray free electron laser

The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) is an X-ray research laser facility currently under construction and as of 2015 is scheduled to start user operation in 2017. The international project with 11 participating countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is located in the German federal states of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. A free-electron laser generates high-intensity electromagnetic radiation by accelerating electrons to relativistic speeds and directing them through special magnetic structures. The European XFEL is constructed such that the electrons produce x-ray light in synchronisation, resulting in high-intensity x-ray pulses with the properties of laser light and at intensities much brighter than those produced by conventional synchrotron light sources.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Martin Schröder

Answer 9

The White–Juday warp-field interferometer is a small device intended to detect the warping of space-time as progress towards building an Alcubierre drive. Really neat stuff: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110015936.pdf and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%E2%80%93Juday_warp-field_interferometer

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-04-20 16:46 (UTC), posted by SE-user Sigismund