In this paper, the rate of photon absorption in a semiconductor is given by Fermi's golden rule:
w1,2=2πℏe2m2c22V(2π)3∫B.Z.|A⋅p1,2|2δ(E1(k)−E2−hν)dk
wtotal=∑1,2w12
where A is the vector potential of the light, V is the volume. A factor of 2 for spin is included and the integration goes over one Brillouin zone (B.Z). and transitions are considered between bands with energy Ei(k). The index 1 runs over all the empty bands, and 2 runs over all the filled bands. hν is photon energy.
I am struggling to derive this equation, in particular the volume, V, element.
My attempt:
In the case when a photon interacts with the electron the hamiltonian in Schrodinger equation is modified to become
ˆH=H0+U(t),
where U(t) is describing the perturbation caused by the incident photon. The electromagnetic perturbation is of the form
U=−iℏe2mc∇⋅A−iℏemcA⋅∇+e22mc2|A|2−eϕ
where A is the vector potential and ϕ is the scalar potential. We define the vector potential and the scalar potential such that ∇⋅A=0 and ϕ=0 so that the time dependent potential reduces to
U=−iℏemecA⋅∇+e22mec2|A|2.
Noting that the momentum operator, p=−iℏ∇, and assuming the E field of the photon is negligible, so that |A|2≈0, the potential further reduces to
U=emecA⋅p.
The probability per unit time w that a photon makes a transition at a given k in the BZ is given by
w≈2πℏ|⟨v|ˆH|c⟩|2δ(E1(k)−E2−hν)
Recognising that the perturbation matrix elements |⟨v|ˆH|c⟩| and the joint of the density of state are k dependent, we obtain upon the integration of the above equation over the total transition probability per unit time to be
W=2πℏ2(2π)3∫|⟨v|ˆH|c⟩|2δ(E1(k)−E2(k)−hν)d3k
Substituting our expression for ˆH becomes
W=2πℏ2(2π)3e2m2c2∫|⟨v|A⋅p|c⟩|2δ(E1(k)−E2(k)−hν)d3k
But this doesn't seem to be leading anywhere useful...