The Stueckelberg renormalization group is what removes the freedom left in the prescription of the renormalization conditions after the limit where the regularization (whether by a cutoff or another regularization recipe) is already taken. Because the physics must be unique, the theory cannot depend on this freedom, as with the gauge freedom in a gauge theory. The Stueckelberg renormalization group is the analogue of the gauge group.
I don't know of a good introduction to Stueckelberg renormalization. But (for example) the following articles show the use of the renormalization group in contexts very different from quantum field theory. You need to judge for yourself how pedagogical the articles are written.
A renormalization group treatment of the classical van der Pol oscillator is given in https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.2372,
classical singular perturbation theory: https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9506161, https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9407024
quantum anharmonic oscillator: https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9710087
similarity renormalization group in nuclear physics: https://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0611045
nonlinear optics; https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0001210 ; this might come closest to your request; there it is named after Bogoliubov rather than Stueckelberg.
For the history, see https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9602024
For relativistic QFT, see, e.g., https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0501228
From O'Connor & Stephens, Phys. Rep. 363 (2002), 425:
a resummation technique is required. There are several RG formulations that may be used to achieve this. We believe the most powerful is still the original RG of Stuckelberg–Peterman, Gell–Mann Low and Bogoliubov–Shirkov [68–70], which we refer to as the reparametrization RG. Although discovered in perturbative studies of quantum electrodynamics in the process of removing the ultraviolet (UV) divergences from measured quantities, it was pointed out very early in the development of the subject, by Blank Bonch–Bruervich and Shirkov [71], that the RG is not dependent on the existence of such UV divergences and that it could be a useful tool in a variety of fields (they mention condensed matter physics). [...] From a modern perspective, the original field theoretic renormalization can now be seen to be nothing more than a coordinate change from original bare parameters to renormalized parameters. A coordinate transformation, of itself, does not change the physics, but, as we shall see and demonstrate, one coordinate system may be vastly superior to another when doing perturbative calculations, especially when combined with the notion of a “sliding scale” for the renormalization point.
In contrast, Wilson-style renormalization is not just a reparameterization but simplifies the model by changing the short-distance, high-energy physics, leaving only the long-distance, low-energy physics intact. The relationship between the two is discussed in Section 5.2 of
Brunetti, Romeo, Michael Dütsch, and Klaus Fredenhagen. "Perturbative algebraic quantum field theory and the renormalization groups."Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 13.5 (2009): 1541-1599.
We discuss the connection between the Stückelberg–Petermann renormalization group which describes the freedom in the perturbative construction with the Wilsonian idea of theories at different scales. In particular, we relate the approach to renormalization in terms of Polchinski’s Flow Equation to the Epstein–Glaser method.
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